An inverter converts direct current (DC) into alternating current (AC), essential for applications like solar power systems. Photovoltaic panels generate DC, which the inverter transforms into AC for use in homes and businesses, enabling efficient energy utilization from renewable sources.

SOEC hydrogen production operates at 800-1000°C, offering high efficiency (85-90%) by using electricity and waste heat. It employs durable non-precious metal catalysts, minimizing corrosion. However, material stability and degradation under high temperatures pose challenges, limiting its broader application across industries.

PEM electrolysis uses a perfluoro sulfonic acid membrane for hydrogen production, ensuring high chemical stability and proton conductivity. It achieves up to 99.99% hydrogen purity and operates at low energy consumption (4 kWh/Nm³ H₂). However, high costs and reliance on precious metal catalysts pose significant limitations.

Hydrogen energy storage complements electrochemical systems by providing long-term and large-scale energy management. It addresses fluctuations in wind and solar power, enabling effective long-distance transport. By integrating hydrogen with these systems, we optimize clean energy support for households and communities, aiding in carbon neutrality.

Hydrogen storage structures vary in composition: fully metallic structures are made of steel; predominantly metallic designs use steel or aluminum with fiber wrapping; some have a metal liner and carbon fiber composites; while entirely composite structures feature a polymer lining and rely solely on composites for structural load.

Alkaline water electrolysis (ALK) is a widely used hydrogen production method involving direct current in a potassium hydroxide solution. While producing 99% pure hydrogen, it has low efficiency (60-75%), high energy consumption, and issues with corrosion, gas permeation, and integration with renewable energy sources.