An inverter converts direct current (DC) into alternating current (AC), essential for applications like solar power systems. Photovoltaic panels generate DC, which the inverter transforms into AC for use in homes and businesses, enabling efficient energy utilization from renewable sources.

SOEC hydrogen production operates at 800-1000°C, offering high efficiency (85-90%) by using electricity and waste heat. It employs durable non-precious metal catalysts, minimizing corrosion. However, material stability and degradation under high temperatures pose challenges, limiting its broader application across industries.

PEM electrolysis uses a perfluoro sulfonic acid membrane for hydrogen production, ensuring high chemical stability and proton conductivity. It achieves up to 99.99% hydrogen purity and operates at low energy consumption (4 kWh/Nm³ H₂). However, high costs and reliance on precious metal catalysts pose significant limitations.

Hydrogen energy storage complements electrochemical systems by providing long-term and large-scale energy management. It addresses fluctuations in wind and solar power, enabling effective long-distance transport. By integrating hydrogen with these systems, we optimize clean energy support for households and communities, aiding in carbon neutrality.

Hydrogen storage structures vary in composition: fully metallic structures are made of steel; predominantly metallic designs use steel or aluminum with fiber wrapping; some have a metal liner and carbon fiber composites; while entirely composite structures feature a polymer lining and rely solely on composites for structural load.

Alkaline water electrolysis (ALK) is a widely used hydrogen production method involving direct current in a potassium hydroxide solution. While producing 99% pure hydrogen, it has low efficiency (60-75%), high energy consumption, and issues with corrosion, gas permeation, and integration with renewable energy sources.

Heat pumps are highly efficient, generating up to three times more heat than the electricity they use. They lower operating costs by up to 2.5 times compared to electric heaters. Being fossil-fuel-free, they offer environmental benefits by reducing carbon emissions and promoting sustainability.

The Coefficient of Performance (COP) of heat pumps measures their efficiency by comparing the heat output to the electrical energy input. A higher COP indicates better efficiency, with typical values ranging from 2 to 5, meaning the heat pump can produce 2 to 5 units of heat for every unit of energy consumed.

Heat pumps offer energy savings and high efficiency, resulting in low operating costs. They are safe and eco-friendly, providing exceptional comfort in various applications. With broad application prospects and a long lifespan, heat pumps are an effective solution for efficient heating and cooling needs.

Lake water source heat pumps capture solar energy through coils on the lakebed, requiring no drilling and maintaining a constant temperature. Groundwater heat pumps extract energy from groundwater via boreholes, needing less land area. Both systems offer efficient and eco-friendly heating and cooling solutions.

To optimize the COP of air source heat pumps, improve home insulation to retain heat, use programmable thermostats for energy management, and ensure regular professional maintenance. Additionally, efficient indoor heating settings are essential, especially for air-to-water heat pumps, as they operate at lower heating temperatures.

Ground source heat pumps use underground coils to capture solar energy, ideal for larger areas. Benefits include no drilling, lower installation costs, and stable temperatures year-round.

Air-source heat pumps efficiently extract energy from the air without requiring drilling or large land areas. The outdoor unit can be placed up to 30 meters from the building. Benefits include low upfront costs, minimal land impact, and no heat loss, as the heat pump is housed indoors.